English
Perfect Participles and Earlier Actions
Updated Oct 28, 2026
Mark completion before the main-clause event.
What you’ll learn
Mark completion before the main-clause event.
បង្ហាញសកម្មភាពដែលបានបញ្ចប់មុនឃ្លាមេ។
Meaning and use
Having + past participle explicitly presents an earlier completed action. Having been + past participle gives the passive equivalent. Use these constructions when sequencing benefits from being explicit, rather than making every sentence longer. Keep the understood subject aligned with the main clause.
Having + past participle បង្ហាញការបញ្ចប់មុនសកម្មភាពឃ្លាមេ។ Having been + past participle ជា passive។ ត្រូវឱ្យប្រធានដែលយល់ក្នុងឃ្លាទាំងពីរត្រូវគ្នា។
Grammar patterns
| Pattern | Example or form |
|---|---|
| Earlier active action | Having checked the figures, she submitted the report. |
| Earlier passive action | Having been warned, he stayed away. |
Examples
-
Having finished the exam, I left the room.
បន្ទាប់ពីបញ្ចប់ការប្រឡង ខ្ញុំបានចេញពីបន្ទប់។
-
Having lost the receipt, she could not claim a refund.
ដោយបានបាត់បង្កាន់ដៃ នាងមិនអាចសុំប្រាក់វិញបាន។
-
Having been invited, we confirmed our attendance.
បន្ទាប់ពីត្រូវបានអញ្ជើញ យើងបានបញ្ជាក់ការចូលរួម។
-
Not having read the email, Dara missed the change.
ដោយមិនបានអានអ៊ីមែល ដារ៉ាខកខានព័ត៌មានផ្លាស់ប្ដូរ។
Everyday conversation
Dara: Why did she submit the report so confidently?
Maly: Having checked every figure, she knew it was ready.
Common mistakes
| Instead of | Use | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Having finish, he left. | Having finished, he left. | Having takes a past participle. |
| Having been invite, she attended. | Having been invited, she attended. | The passive perfect participle needs invited. |
Practice
Try these questions before opening the answers. Write or say each answer.
សាកល្បងឆ្លើយសំណួរទាំងនេះជាមុនសិន មុននឹងបើកមើលចម្លើយ។ អ្នកអាចសរសេរ ឬនិយាយចម្លើយរបស់អ្នក។
- Combine: She had saved a copy. She closed the file.
- Make negative: Having received a reply, he called again. Meaning: no reply.
- Who received the warning in Having been warned, Maly took another route?
Answers and explanations
Show answers / បង្ហាញចម្លើយ
-
Having saved a copy, she closed the file.
The perfect participle marks the completed first action.
-
Not having received a reply, he called again.
Not negates the participle clause.
-
Maly.
The main subject is the understood recipient in the passive clause.
Quick recap
- Earlier active action: Having checked the figures, she submitted the report.
- Earlier passive action: Having been warned, he stayed away.